Building on Part 1, this article looks at how validators, secure access modules (SAMs), and revenue-assurance flows shape a working AFC system — and where the offline-trust boundary actually sits in mature deployments.
United Kingdom
The Oyster card enables convenient payments across London transport services. "Transport for London (TfL) was the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment by contactless bank cards," with approximately one in ten UK contactless transactions occurring on the TfL network.
Germany
Berlin offers online tickets and smartphone apps. The Berlin WelcomeCard serves tourists with access to "S-Bahn, U-Bahn, buses, trams, and ferries."
Russia
Moscow features a unified chip card system with remote top-up capabilities and mobile ticketing options including PayPass, Apple Pay, and Android Pay.
Brazil
RioCard operates as a rechargeable smart card. "Rio de Janeiro was the first city in Brazil to launch a program enabling mobile NFC-based ticketing for public transport."
Mexico
Multiple fare collection methods exist, including the Metrobus contactless smartcard and the Tarjeta DF multimodal transit card.
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