Ambimat GroupAmbimatAmbiSecureSIMAuthAmbiAutomationEngineering BlogAhmedabad · India · Est. 1982
HISTORICAL ARCHIVE · Originally published December 15, 2020
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Fast Identity Online (FIDO)

A primer on FIDO (Fast Identity Online) and the Universal Second Factor model — how FIDO replaces shared secrets with hardware-bound credentials and why it changes the phishing-resistance baseline.

This is an earlier piece from the AmbiSecure engineering archive. Where the field has moved on, the link above points to current coverage of the same topic.

Introduction

FIDO replaces the shared-secret model that every legacy authentication system inherits. Instead of storing passwords or one-time-password seeds in a central database, FIDO binds credentials to hardware that signs challenges directly — leaving nothing useful for an attacker to phish or exfiltrate. Traditional authentication systems store confidential information centrally, creating vulnerability. "FIDO is already one of the pillars of web security of many international companies."

FIDO enables phishing-resistant authentication through public-key encryption without requiring users to share physical devices. It reduces password fatigue while maintaining strong security across multiple services without linking accounts.

FIDO U2F, FIDO2 and FIDO Resident credentials

Three authentication approaches:

  • U2F — second-factor authentication with physical keys
  • FIDO2 — passwordless authentication
  • FIDO Resident Credentials — username-less login

Benefits of FIDO

  • Strong Security — Physical MFA resistant to interception, phishing, session hijacking, and MITM attacks. Lost tokens contain no identifying information.
  • Secure Recovery — Users register multiple devices; providers offer backup codes.
  • Easy to Use — Native browser support (Firefox, Safari, Chrome, Edge, Opera). Hardware-based authentication requires no driver installation or code entry. Single tokens support multiple sites.
  • Strong Privacy Protections — Users control identity presentation. Unique key pairs generated per service prevent cross-provider secret sharing.
  • Interoperability — Supported by major internet and financial firms.
  • Flexibility in Choice — Works with various authentication modalities.

Conclusion

The OnePass USB Key implements FIDO2 to help organizations transition toward password-less authentication, reducing security risks while improving user experience. The technology requires no battery or network connectivity.

Who is Ambimat Electronics?

Close to 4 decades of design experience.

Looking for the current take?

This archive piece reflects thinking from December 15, 2020. For a current-generation treatment of the same topic, see our modern coverage.

Read the current article

Frequently asked questions

What problem does FIDO solve?

It removes the shared secret. Instead of storing passwords or OTP seeds centrally, FIDO binds credentials to hardware that signs challenges directly, leaving nothing useful for an attacker to phish or exfiltrate.

What is the difference between U2F, FIDO2 and resident credentials?

U2F provides second-factor authentication with a physical key; FIDO2 extends the model to full passwordless authentication; resident credentials store the credential on the authenticator itself so it can identify the user without a prior username.

How has FIDO evolved since this post?

FIDO 1.0 became FIDO2 with WebAuthn, and then passkeys. The underlying public-key model is the same one described here.

Why does central storage of secrets create the vulnerability FIDO removes?

Anything stored centrally — a password hash database or a set of OTP seeds — is a single target whose compromise affects every user at once. FIDO leaves the server holding only public keys, which are useless to an attacker.

Does FIDO link a user's accounts across services?

No. FIDO generates a distinct key pair per relying party, so credentials cannot be correlated between services, while still sparing the user from managing a separate secret for each one.

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